Threats Of Electronic Money Transfer Research Paper

Dangers Of Electronic Money Transfer - Research Paper Example To accomplish their goals, psychological militant require monetary assets and simple reserve move exchanges to complete their demonstrations of dread. In such manner, the fear based oppressor has discovered the Internet the most advantageous path with the end goal of correspondence and coordination with their accomplices situating in different pieces of the world; furthermore, they send and get their assets through utilizing electronic methods. This test can be limited to a significant degree however it can never be wished away completely. In such manner, the job of Central Banks is of basic significance. In the resulting some portion of this paper, first, electronic cash move is characterized and is trailed by a danger of abuse of this channel by psychological oppressor and universal criminal gatherings. Prior to end, a few proposals are represented to limit this unlawful utilization of the Internet.An electronic installment framework includes the administrations of numerous compone nts. An installment framework is recognized as the collaborations between different subjects and is made of various components. Among these different components, framework members, the foundation of the framework, and the instruments encouraging the exchange of fiscal incentive between various clients are the noteworthy elements.Traditionally, we had two gatherings encouraging asset move starting with one spot then onto the next sender and recipient. More often than not, reserves were moved with the utilization of non-electronic methods. Paper-based cash move exchanges were regular starting with one money related then onto the next budgetary institution.... For that reason, they can go to any degree. To achieve their goals, fear based oppressor require budgetary assets and simple reserve move exchanges to complete their demonstrations of dread. In such manner, fear based oppressor have discovered the Internet the most helpful path with the end goal of correspondence and coordination with their accomplices situating in different pieces of the world; also, they send and get their assets by means of utilizing electronic methods. This test can be limited to a significant degree yet it can never be wished away completely. In such manner, the job of Central Banks is of basic significance. In the resulting some portion of this paper, first, electronic cash move is characterized and is trailed by a danger of abuse of this channel by psychological militant and universal criminal gatherings. Prior to end, a few recommendations are represented to limit this illicit utilization of the Internet. An electronic installment framework includes the admin istrations of numerous components. An installment framework is recognized as the collaborations between different subjects and is made of various components. Among these different components, framework members, the foundation of framework, and the instruments encouraging the exchange of money related an incentive between various clients are the noteworthy elements(Merlonghi, 2010). Customarily, we had two gatherings encouraging asset move starting with one spot then onto the next sender and collector. More often than not, reserves were moved with the utilization of non-electronic methods. For that reason, paper based cash move exchanges were normal starting with one money related then onto the next budgetary organization. Furthermore, in paper based exchange time and cost were relatively more than the costs included by means of utilizing electronic method of store move. Because of these realities, the whole framework

Military Aviation Essays - Stealth Aircraft, Monoplanes,

Military Aviation Theory: Military airplane has gotten increasingly modern in assortment, viability in war circumstances, and exceptional moving procedures in later a long time. Military airplane has gotten increasingly advanced in assortment, viability in war circumstances, and uncommon moving strategies as of late. With the advance of covertness innovation, numerous new and successful airplane have been created. The F-117A was utilized during Operation Dessert Storm and each plane returned without a scratch. The extravagant B-2 top secret plane has never been utilized in genuine war, however during testing it was a triumph. The Advanced Strategic Fighter program was begun to make an airplane that could supercruise, the capacity to voyage at supersonic speeds, and didn't cost a lot. The YF-22 what's more, YF-23 were the primary planes to achieve this. With all the planes we know of, there are likewise top mystery programs presumably going on this moment. Another warrior that has never been known about has been spotted. As John Welch, the partner secretary of Air Force stated, Covertness gives us back that crucial component of war called shock (Goodall 9). After it was found that airplane could be extremely valuable in war, it was utilized for huge scope surveillance. At that point individuals began to add bombs to airplane and afterward planes begun to turn into a pith of war. After World War 2, new aircraft were created with quick speed, and could go far separations. They could likewise convey atomic bombs and rockets. The utilization of the plane airplane at that point prompted the contender, which was furnished with firearms and rockets. Helicopters were additionally found to be acceptable strike airplane. They were furnished with guns, automatic rifles, rockets, torpedoes, and an assortment of rockets. Vertical departure made the helicopter an advantage. The principal trip of the F-117A was in June of 1981 in Groom Lake test office. The absolute expense for the improvement of the F-117A was just shy of two billion dollars, however it just expense $43 million to make each plane. It became operational in October of 1983 and was the principal operational covertness airplane ever manufactured. The F-117A is a night assault plane controlled by two, nonafterburning General Electric motors. F-117As were intended for first-strike abilities also, to have the option to fly into any nations airspace undetected. The essential undertaking of the F-117A is to get through adversary airspace, wreck high worth targets, what's more, return back safe. They were considered to initially be utilized in a few various assignments, however weren't utilized until Operation Dessert Storm where they did an incredible activity. As Donald Rice, Secretary of the Air Force, stated, Everybody presently concurs the F-117 was a genuine deal (9). During Activity Dessert Storm the F-117As were discovered to be extremely effective. The war started on January 16, 1991 when the F-117A warriors entered the Iraqi airspace on their approach to downtown Baghdad. There were 43 of them over the skies of Iraq and not one was lost despite the fact that they conflicted with one of the most present day air-safeguard frameworks on the planet. Activity Dessert Storm was the biggest aeronautical bombarding assault in war history. It was likewise the first run through a covertness airplane was utilized as a principle weapon. On the primary day of Dessert Storm the Lockheed F-117As dropped sixty-two 2,000 pound bombs on Baghdad devastating the most basic focuses of the Iraqi military, including the central command of the Iraqi aviation based armed forces. We've seen that in addition to the fact that stealth works, that it puts less resources in danger and spares lives (9), as Donald Rice said. The pilots of those F-117As flew through the hardest enemy of airplane rockets any pilot has ever flown through. At the point when you consider secrecy, a great many people presumably consider B-2 top secret plane, however the vast majority don't understand that it hasn't even been utilized in a genuine war circumstance yet. In November of 1987 the Pentagon requested the initial four B-2s to be worked for $2 billion. Every B-2 expense $437.4 million to manufacture. After the military enjoyed the aircraft, they initially requested 133 of them, at that point they slice back to 75 as a result of the shortage decrease bill. At that point, in 1992, the House of Representatives casted a ballot to purchase just twenty, and later just 15 saying that 10 would be sufficient. With four General Electric motors with 19,000 pounds of push each, the B-2s were made to convey a ton of weight. The Advanced Innovation Bomber, as it was called, was made so it couldn't be spotted by foe radar. In the wake of testing it was discovered that it is practically difficult to

College Student Resume Tips for Getting Your Dream Job

College Student Resume Tips for Getting Your Dream Job Looking for a job as a college student can seem daunting. Most job postings are looking for work experience and newspapers are constantly publishing stories on how hard it is to find a job. What chances do you have?Quite many and it all starts by nailing down your job application. In this guide, we’ll give you tips on how to create the perfect resume â€" how to play to your strengths and write a resume capturing the hiring managers attention. FOCUS ON YOUR EDUCATIONThe most important thing to remember is to know what’s your strongest point in terms of creating a resume. As a college student, your strength will be your education.Your focus for the resume should be on presenting your academic background. You need to do this in a way that shows why your education will benefit the employer â€" because a good resume is not really about showing off your skills but showcasing why those skills will benefit the employer.The truth is you probably don’t have a lot of work experience to rely on. If you are a full-time student, your work experience is limited to any part-time or holiday work you might have done. These might not offer you as strong relevancy to the job in question â€" you are probably doing them just to earn some money. However, your education is preparing you for your desired industry. Therefore, your attention needs to be on harnessing your education to benefit your resume.Remember it’s not just about listing t he institution and your degree name. You should also list any relevant courses to the role and the skills you’ve learned in those courses.For example, you might be applying to work as an assistant in an international law firm and mentioning any specific international law courses and assignments can help build your case. You might also do language studies on the side of your degree and you know the office is multilingual â€" mentioning this will immediately boost your resume.Furthermore, it can boost your resume to mention any achievements and academic awards you might have received. Perhaps you’ve been chosen as a mentoring student for new students or the school awarded you for your success during the exam season. These sorts of achievements are worth mentioning in the resume â€" they will highlight your transferable skills.Here’s an example of a good education section:EDUCATIONBachelor of Arts State University, City, State Current GPA 3.95 Expected date of graduation July 202 0Relevant coursework: Intro to Graphic Design, AP Art, Computer ApplicationsHonours: Member of the National Art Education AssociationClubs: State Newspaper, French Language ClubUSE A CAREER OBJECTIVE OR A QUALIFICATIONS SUMMARYAside from focusing your efforts on showcasing your skills and qualifications through the education section, you should also consider another element. A career objective or a qualifications summary is a great addition to a college resume.Either of these below sections can be added right at the top of the resume. They are supposed to capture the hiring managers attention to ensure they read it further â€" you want to pay a lot of attention to getting them right.A career objectiveA career objective helps to outline where you see your career going and how the job you’re applying for relates to this goal. It’s three to four sentences and often follows a structure that:First introduces your degree and a strong example of a specific experience that’s relevant to the job.Then gives a summary of your strongest skills that would make you the perfect person for the role.Concludes with an illustration of your value to the organization based on your skills and experience.CAREER OBJECTIVEMotivated Politics student who demonstrates strong work ethic and logical thinking. Seeking to apply political writing skills and creative drive as a summer intern at ZYX. Will leverage proven experience as a competent writer and researcher to contribute to the goals of publishing a leading political blog.A qualifications summaryOn the other hand, a qualifications summary will help you outline your strongest qualities and skills with the job in mind. It’s a list of five to six of your most important and impressive achievements â€" relevant to the role, of course!The achievements you outline in the section must be relevant to the role and highlight skills that show your fit to the role. Here’s an example of a good college student qualifications summary:QUALI FICATIONS SUMMARYAchieved the highest mark of 90% with each of my Content Marketing courseworkChosen as the President of the Politics society to represent the group at the university boardVolunteered with Save the Children to deliver $3,000 worth of goods to children over ChristmasCreated the University’s newspapers advertising campaign that led to 20% increase in salesInterned at XYZ, learning about the changing face of social media marketingINCLUDE EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIESAside from talking about your grades and your courses, you should also leave room for mentioning extracurricular activities. These can be a great way to add depth to your resume when you lack work experience.College students are often involved in clubs and societies (if you’re not, they are a great way to learn new skills!). You might be part of the debating society or belong to the college football club. Being a member, and especially if you are an active and involved member, will help you present a new se t of skills to the employer.You can talk about strong transferable skills such as organisational skills, having been part of creating a massive event for your Spanish society, for example. You might be able to mention your improved communication skills that you’ve developed participating in the drama society. There are many ways you can put your involvement in clubs and societies to good use.Of course, not all things have to be university-related. You might have hobbies outside of the school and these are also worth mentioning. Furthermore, you might have volunteered in the past or you are volunteering right now. That’s another great opportunity for talking about relevant skills.Again, volunteering can teach you skills like communication, leadership, teamwork, detail-orientation, and so on. Not to mention how you might have gained actual industry experience. If you are applying for posts involving animals, it can help to have volunteered at an animal shelter and so on.The key is to include extracurricular activities, which are relevant to the role you are applying for. You want to highlight activities, which the employer might find beneficial in terms of doing the job â€" you need to understand what the employer is looking for in order to include the activities that’ll bolster your chances of landing that role.THINK ABOUT TRANSFERABLE SKILLSThroughout the post, you’ve probably noticed the word ‘transferable skills’ popping up. Since you’re probably missing relevant job experience, you need to focus on showcasing transferable skills to the potential employer. These are those skills that help in the role but which you’ve gained through something not directly related to the actual job.You want to focus on talking about these skills rather than highlighting the roles in which you gained them. If you are applying to become a marketing assistant and the employer is looking for a candidate with strong customer service skills, you can talk about gainin g those while working at an ice cream parlour. The focus is not on your job as the ice cream seller but the communication skills you used as part of your role.Essentially, you want to include a Relevant Skills section rather than necessarily creating Job History section. Your job titles might be irrelevant but the skills you’ve gained are extremely handy. Even when you end up listing your jobs under the Job Experience section, you need to avoid mentioning tasks that have no relevance to the job you’re applying for.For example, following the above example, you wouldn’t need to talk about how you cleaned the parlour every day or waited tables â€" these tasks wouldn’t be what the employer is looking for. On the other hand, you could mention how you used customer service skills, communicated offers to consumers and managed other employees, for example.One transferable skill you definitely want to include on your college resume is leadership. Employers are always looking for stro ng leaders â€" those who can make the rest of the group follow their vision. It’s important to highlight your ability to take the initiative and to lead, even when you haven’t been on the career ladder for years.If you’ve led a team, helped your peers perform better or taken charge of a troublesome situation, you should mention it in your resume. It creates an impression of a person who is willing and able to take responsibility. Any potential employer would appreciate this quality even if you lack job experience.Overall, it’s extremely important to stay active during your studies in order to gain these transferable skills. You should consider part-time jobs, volunteering and becoming a member of different clubs and societies. Teach give valuable experience without hindering your ability to study full-time.QUANTIFY YOUR ACHIEVEMENTSWhenever you are mentioning achievements and past experience, you should quantify those things. Numbers make a stronger point â€" they can show t he actual impact of your action much better because of the detail. You tell exactly what your actions did and you showcase in detail how, what, and when you did.For example, consider the following two statements:“Volunteered for Children in Need, raising money for clean water initiative.”“Volunteered for Children in Need, raising $3,000 for clean water initiative in three weeks.”The achievement is the same but the latter example gives more context â€" you get a much clearer idea of the achievement. It even sounds more impressive!How do you quantify your achievements? College students can, essentially, quantify their resumes in four different ways. Here’s a look at each with examples:MONETARY AMOUNTSIf you can mention money, then do it. If you know the worth of things you sold, the account size you were managing, or the money you raised, you should always include it.“Helped the Debating Society raise $5,000 to buy school books to an orphanage in Kenya.”DURATION OF TIME Introducing a timeline of events also adds more detail and clarity to your resume. It can even make your actions seem highly effective. When possible, add dates and duration.“Launched a new social media campaign for the Law Department in two weeks, a week ahead of time.”PERCENTAGES AND PROPORTIONSYou should also include percentages and proportions on your resume. It can provide the hiring manager with a lot more context.“Achieved top grades in first year exams, being at the top 2% for that year.”GRADES If you have achieved top grades it can be beneficial to mention them.“80% mark from the philosophy essays.”OPTIMIZE WITH KEYWORDSJob applications these days are mainly sent digitally. This has introduced a thing called the Applicant Tracking System (ATS) to the mix. The system digitally scans your resume with pre-determined keywords in mind and either approves or rejects your resume based on this.The employer would have set the required keywords (skills and qualifications relevant to the job, for example) and the algorithm examines how well your resume matches these. The idea is for the employer to reduce the number of resumes the hiring managers will have to go through â€" it saves time and money. As an applicant, you need to be aware of this to ensure your resume doesn’t get the boot.How to prepare your resume with this in mind? Here are the steps to follow:Read the job posting carefully â€" Underline the keywords in terms of skills, qualifications and knowledge.Check the company website â€" Conduct a wider search by examining the company culture and keywords related to that.Consider similar variations of the word â€" If the employer lists the knowledge of Application Programming Interface as a requirement, you should also consider using the acronym API when listing your skills, for example.Keep an eye on the industry â€" Check a bit what keywords competitors might be using and don’t forget to include big industry buzzwords.Now, you might be wo ndering how any of this applies to situations where you are just uploading your resume to an online job portal. Although you aren’t targeting a specific job posting, you should still write the resume with a specific job in mind. You need to have some kind of idea the kind of roles you are targeting and the industry you want to work in.Keywords in industries and same job positions are rather similar even when the potential employers are different. Therefore, simply glancing at past job postings of the kinds of jobs you’d want and checking out your ideal employer’s website will help you get a sense of the keywords you should use. Industry buzzwords are also going to be beneficial!While you need to include keywords and take advantage of them, you don’t want to go crazy. Spamming keywords for the sake of it won’t help and you might even be penalized. There are two key rules to remember:The language you use must be natural. Don’t spam keywords in a row or use incoherent sente nces.Make sure to use keywords when they actually match your skills. You should never lie on your resume â€" if you don’t know a skill and it’s a keyword, don’t add it simply for the sake of using the keyword.EMPHASIZE SKILLS WITH ACTION VERBSYour resume should always use action verbs. Action verbs describe the action you took and which led to a specific result. It immediately tells the reader what happened and how it happened â€" it shows motion and impact, two things hiring managers want to see on a resume.Michigan State University has compiled a great list of hundreds of action verbs. You can check out some powerful action words  on the website for more.The key to using action verbs to highlight your skills is to construct the sentences correctly. Use a bullet point list to maintain structure and to keep things concise. Start each sentence with an action word. This will immediately kick the reader’s mind into action and they start thinking about the intention and the situ ation. Here’s an example of using action verbs the correct way:Instead of saying, “Was part of Football Clubs weekly board meetings to take notes” and showing no action, intent or impact,You should say, “Managed the minutes of the meeting every week for Football Club” and immediately show your skills.Remember the key to a successful resume? It’s showing the employer how you can benefit the organization. Therefore, you don’t want to just list skills and qualifications. You want to show motion and results â€" you want to show how your ability to take action has led to good things in the past and will lead good things in the future if you’re hired.Remember to select your action words based on the keyword research!USE A TEMPLATE TO GUIDE YOUR WRITINGWhen it comes to putting it all together in the form of a dazzling resume, you should consider using a template. If you’ve never written a resume before, online templates can guide your writing and help you to better unders tand how to format and structure the above tips. Online templates can help with the mundane elements such as which font is the best for resumes and what length should the resume be.You can find plenty of online templates to help with your resume writing. Here are a few sites worth looking into:Monster.comResumecompanion.comTheBalance.comCleverism.comHowever, you need to remember resume templates are just a template and guidance to help you write the best possible resume. You should never copy a format directly or use example sentences taken off the Internet. Your resume should be tailored to the specific position in question. Make sure you highlight your strengths â€" you don’t want to add Skills section higher than Education if your academic background is the strong suit.DON’T FORGET TO PROOFREADNo matter how great the content of your resume, you can’t impress the hiring manager if you don’t know how to spell. Grammar mistakes are never acceptable and you will be penalized against them â€" there’s no free pass on this.What does it say about you as a candidate if you can’t spell? Bad language shows lack of communication skills and attention to detail. It also shows disrespect and lack of passion to get the role â€" if you didn’t bother proofreading the resume, then what else will you be lazy about?Always proofread the resume before sending. Here are a few tips for proofreading:After you’re done, take a 15-minute break from writing and do something different to clear your mind. Get back and proofread the resume.Change the font style and size just for proofreading to trick your mind into reading something ‘fresh’.Print out the resume to make spotting errors easier.Read the resume out loud.Ask a friend or a fellow student read it for you. You might even get help from your college career centre so check them out.THE KEY TAKEAWAY FROM THE POSTWriting a resume as a college student might seem difficult because you haven’t gained valuable work ex perience. However, you still have a lot to offer to potential employers and by focusing on your strengths, you can create a resume that lands you that job interview.The key is to highlight your education â€" boast about good grades and coursework that’s relevant to the role. Include as many extracurricular activities as you can and pay attention to transferable skills. You need to know what the employer is looking for to do just that. So find those all-important keywords and use a template that plays to your strengths.

Developmental Psychology The Soul Of The Child ...

I. INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY AND TWO OF ITS THEORISTS. Developmental psychology became a separate branch of psychology in the late years of the nineteenth century, and began to be widely cultivated in the twentieth century. Studies on developmental psychology predicts Wilhelm Thierry Prayer, English born psychologist who lived, studied and worked in Germany as the pioneer of this still young science. He published his book „The soul of the child: observations on the mental development of man in the first years of life† in 1982 and researches say it is the contractual date for the beginning of developmental psychology. Not long after Prayer publishes his innovative work, Stanley Hall, an American psychologist who was focused on childhood development and evolutionary theory in his research, initiated lectures on the development of children. The preferred analytical method in this period was based on child’s diary, observed in natural conditions and written by its parents. Theoretical and methodological trends during the e volution of developmental psychology was not limited to collecting and commenting on biographical materials, they were based on new trends in philosophy and sociology, as well as the increasing demand for knowledge in education environment, where changes and transformation were crucial. The subjects of study in developmental psychology context are changes taking place in the psyche and human behaviour during itsShow MoreRelatedCosmopsychology - the Psychology of Humans as Spiritual Beings - an Introduction4873 Words   |  20 PagesCosmopsychology The Psychology of Humans as Spiritual Beings An Introduction As above, so below, as below, so above; As within, so without, as without, so within. Hermes Trismegistos Hermetic Law of Correspondence I said, You are gods; you are all sons of the Most High.† Psalms 82:6 We are not human beings having a spiritual experience. We are spiritual beings having a human experience. 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Structural Unemployment and Cyclical Unemployment in the...

Introduction: The high and persistent levels of unemployment in the United States have become one of the most debated topics among economists, policy makers and the unemployed for more than a decade; especially its impact and best approach to resolving the increasing unemployment rates. It is important to note that as much of a global phenomenon unemployment it is, unemployment occurs in numerous forms, economists have broken down unemployment into three main types: Frictional, structural and cyclical. The in-cooperation of these forms is significant to this paper for better understanding of current trends and identifying characteristics of structural unemployment. ï‚ · Frictional Unemployment arises from the ever-present movement of†¦show more content†¦Ã¯â€š · Cyclical unemployment or Keynesian unemployment occurs when there is deficiency or decrease in the demand for goods and services in an economy5. 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Booker T Washington A Representative of the Black Population Free Essays

It is considered general knowledge that slavery was one of the biggest struggles this nation faced. However, many forget that the strife did not end when slavery was abolished. Reconstruction laid a heavy hand on this country and nearly tore it apart. We will write a custom essay sample on Booker T Washington A Representative of the Black Population or any similar topic only for you Order Now Booker T. Washington explains this concept in his famous tree analogy. â€Å"Before our freedom, a giant tree was growing in the garden [slavery], which all considered injurious to the progress of the whole nation. The work to be done was direct and simple-destroy the hurtful tree. The work before us now is not the destruction of a tree, but the growing of one. Slavery presented a problem of destruction; freedom presents one of construction. This requires time, patience, preparation of the soil, watering, pruning, and most careful nursing† (Washington, 50). Booker T. Washington became a representative of the black population during this turbulent time. However, he was met with much criticism due to his controversial ideas and public speeches. The white citizenry largely appreciated his pacifying tone, but many of the blacks were irritated by the inactive agendum Washington was suggesting. Some of Booker T. Washington†s ideas were practical and worthwhile, however some of his theories contained many contradictions and fallacies. I agree with his ideology to a point, but at certain times, I feel that he is too much of a pacifist. Washington stressed repeatedly in his speeches the importance of an industrial education. His own contribution to this was the Tuskagee Institute. It taught young blacks a trade that was practical, so they would be able to easily find a job, and begin earning income. Washington†s thought was that an industrial education was far more important than a liberal education. He believed that a liberal education was a waste of time, because there weren†t any immediate benefits, or instantaneous wage earning possibilities. Washington†s point was that the blacks needed money at once, so they should excel at what they already know. African Americans already had the skills they learned from slavery, which was mostly farming and agriculture. He thought that they should utilize that knowledge in the work force. â€Å"†¦let the Negro begin right where he is by putting the greatest amount of intelligence, of skill, and dignity into the occupations by which he is surrounded† (Washington 42). Many blacks did not like that suggestion, because they felt that they had been trapped in the agriculture business because of slavery, and they did not want to go back to that way of life. It would mean no change in labor and little chance that the white employer would treat them any better than they had in the past. The ex-slaves wanted experiences in life that they never before had the opportunity to have. They wanted a liberal education, because it had been denied to them in the past. They wanted to rise out of working the fields. Washington believed in sticking to one thing and excelling at it. He thought that blacks should learn a trade and become the best at it, so there is no room for discrimination. â€Å"Whenever in the South, for example, the Negro is the carpenter, let him realize that he cannot remain the carpenter unless people are sure that no one can excel him as a carpenter. This black carpenter should strive in every way possible to keep himself abreast of the best woodwork done in the world. He should be constantly studying the best journals and books bearing on carpentry. He should watch for every improvement in his line† (Washington 42). Personally, I think that B.T. Washington was right in aspiring to use the skills one already had, however I don†t think it is right to deny anyone the chance of stepping up and bettering themselves. Washington claims this change will happen, but it will occur gradually. â€Å"The second or third generation of this black man†s family need not be carpenters, but can aspire successfully to something higher because the foundation has been laid† (Washington 43). However, the black man, at this time, did not want gradual change. They wanted the change they deserved, and they wanted it right away. In my opinion, Washington†s idea to learn a trade to have an immeidate source of income is a good one. It is practical and promotes a way for blacks to meet financial needs. Nonetheless, it is important to have a well-rounded education if the change for bigger and better places is to ever take place. Another problem with Washington†s dogma, is that he is lumping all black people into one category. He is assuming that all of the ex-slaves will not mind going back to the same labor force they were in pre-abolishment. That is untrue. Many African-Americans at this time had untapped interests that they wanted to pursue. Many would actually be more talented in other fields. When slavery was abolished, this implied freedom for blacks. Freedom is all about the ability to choose. In taking choices away from the ex-slaves, Washington is stifling independence. As the representative man of his time, Booker T. Washington made several public speeches. In these orations, it was quite evident that he was aspiring to be as diplomatic as possible. He sought to keep the whites on his side, even amongst the most racially controversial issues. In regarding crime, he not only chastised white people for the heinous hate crimes that were rampant, but he also admonished the black people for their criminal acts. â€Å"†¦idleness and crime should cease, and that no excuse be given the world to label any large proportion of the race [blacks] as idlers and criminals†¦bring to punishment those who commit crime, when proper legal procedure is sure†¦we consider no legal punishment to severe for the wretch of any race who attempts to outrage a woman [lynching]. The lesson for the other portion of the nation to learn is that†¦the same laws should be made to apply to the Negro and the white man whether it relates to citizenship, the protection of property, the right to labor, or the protection of human life† (Washington 49). The manner in which Washington addressed the mixed crowd was filled with diplomacy, and therefore, did not anger the white citizens. Booker T. Washington realized that this was intelligent, because he knew that if he aroused the whites, the black population would have a much more difficult time in their rise through reconstruction. During all his addresses to the public, B. T. Washington stressed economics. He did this to speak to the white population about racial equality in terms that they thought would benefit the entire nation. Racial equality would lead to a better economy, and since the South was almost destitute after the civil war, the Southern whites were willing to listen to anything that would help the financial situation. â€Å"It is not only the duty of the Negro to thus put himself in possession, but it is also the plainest duty of the white man†¦No state can have the highest civilization and prosperity with one-third of its population down. This one-third will prove a constant millstone about the neck of the other two-thirds† (Washington 43). Economics, Washington also said, would bring about political and racial equality. He argued that once African-Americans obtained money, property, and/or other tangible goods, they would be given more respect, and hence, equality. â€Å"†¦when he [the black man] has paid the cost-paid the price of his freedom-it will appear in the beautiful, well-kept home, In the increasing bank account, in the farm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Washington 42). I don†t agree with B.T.W.†s theory on this. Just because one has material commodities, this does not guarantee them respect or equality of any kind. The white southerners were brought up on racist beliefs. A black man†s wealth will not change the white bigot†s opinion. If anything, the whites will just begin to resent the black man. Moving up financially, was a good idea for the black race, as long as they protested equality simultaneously, because equality would not just appear along with financial stability. Agitation was not one of Washington†s endeavors. He believed that blacks should not provoke the white populace. He states in one of his articles, â€Å"Vastly more courage is often shown in one†s ability to suffer in silence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Washington 48). This enraged many blacks. They had already been ‘suffering in silence† through the endless years of slavery. Washington averred that rather than agitation, the black move upward should be a constant struggle. â€Å"The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality, is the extremest folly, and that progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of sever and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing† (Washington 140). Washington needed to realize that no political changes would come about without the black population demanding them. If the African-Americans did not command civil rights, the whites would never have bothered to change their ways. In this situation, speaking out is necessary. How to cite Booker T Washington A Representative of the Black Population, Papers

Seaboye and Gayme free essay sample

A look at two supreme court cases and their impact on Canadian rape shield legislation. This paper is an examination of the two cases of Seaboyer and Gayme by the Supreme Court of Canada at rape shield legislation for sex assault witnesses. The author reveals the manner in which these cases were conducted and how the verdict raised public controversy. From the paper: In the case of Seaboye and Gayme, the Supreme Court of Canada rendered a decision which was divisive, not only among members of the court, but also within the nation itself. In delivering this verdict, the court became the target of accusations that it had ignored the interests of women. It had shown disregard for the victimization which women have been subject to in the process of sexual assault trials. As well, the court introduced procedural rules which made womens experience in sexual assault trials more of an ordeal than the process had been under the common law (Bowland, 1994). We will write a custom essay sample on Seaboye and Gayme or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

In Websters Dictionary, Morality Is Defined As Principles Of Right And

In Webster's dictionary, morality is defined as "principles of right and wrong in conduct; ethics." The principles of morality have countless times evolved over the ages. In earlier times, death was an easy penalty for many crimes. These crimes today are considered minor and are penalized with a slap on the hand. Is this considered wrong? Who is the correct authority to consult on what is right or wrong? In today's society, two major factors concern how the way members of society act and behave. The first is our national government. Members of our government in positions of authority decide everything in our lives in the form of laws which determine our behavior. One of the most important documents written by our government is the Declaration of Independence. The monarchy was taking away power from the colonists and putting more demands on. In return, the colonists declared their freedom from their tyrant. In this document, it states, "All men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." The great men who wrote this down had a strong sense of morals. They believed that men were given rights by God that no one could take away. This is essential to the issue of morality because it determines the rights- that are agreed upon all- are wrong. This brings us to religion. Religion is a major contributor to how we think and act because it mirrors our beliefs in what we hold as right or wrong. An example of this is the native tribes of africa and South America where a number of tribes practice cannibalism. While this is considered a sin in most christian religions, the tribes have evolved into cannibalism as a way to survive in life and have no objections to their eating habits. The problem arises when the line between government and religion is crossed. While religion does not have to power to punish one physically, but rather soulfully of one has sinned. The government has the power to sentence punishment, yet should have no power concerning God. Many different religions have evolved all over the world and in the process, have people have been prosecuted in their faith. The first settlers in the new world came here to avoid prosecution from the powerful church/government of that time. Specifically, the Church of England headed by the king. Puritan leaders led their followers to a place where they could express their religion with no fear of other faiths. One such leader was John Winthrop. John Winthrop was a powerful Puritan governor in the colony of Massachusetts Bay. He believed that this was a calling from God for him to lead the new religious experiment-a covenant with God to built a model for mankind. "We shall be a city upon the hill." declared Winthrop. As governor Winthrop held considerable power. He distrusted the commoners and thought democracy was the "meanest and worst" forms of government. Anyone who brought trouble or had indifferent thought were severely punished to "save their soul." As one of his extensions of his powers he banished Roger Williams, a popular Salem minister with radical ideas and an unrestrained tongue, and Mistress Anne Hutchinson, A strong willed women who challenged the authority of the clergy by stating the truly saved need not bother to obey the laws of God or man. Several problems arise throughout this banishment. I am for a democratic society in which one can express his or her thoughts without the fear of prosecution. They did not have the luxury of this. The need for the expressment of ideas is essential for a growing environment. If no growth is made, then expansion of the community is halted to a standstill. The limit of new idea's must have a point, though. In recent news, the Unabomber has issued a ultimanium with his manuscript. In the past, such a request would have been rediculous. In his manuscript he expresses his view on the evils of technology. While a citizen is entitled to free speech and press, threatening murder is not such an option. There must be limits set. In colonial times these limitations were set

Great Beginnings in Pre-School Math

Great Beginnings in Pre-School Math Early development of number concepts is critical in developing positive attitudes about mathematics at an early age. Special methods and activities will assist children to develop early numeracy skills. These methods will need to include the use of motivating and engaging concrete materials that children can manipulate. Young children need to experience a lot of doing and saying before written numerals will make sense to them. As early as two years of age, many children will parrot the words one, two, three, four, five, etc. However, rarely do they understand that the number refers to an item or a set of items. At this stage, children do not have number conservation or number correspondence. How You Can Help Your Child Engaging children with a variety of measurement concepts is a great start. For instance, children enjoy telling us that they are bigger than their sister or brother or taller than the lamp or that they are higher than the dishwasher. Young children will also think that they have more in their cup simply because their cup is taller. This type of language needs to be promoted and children need parental guidance to help with the misconceptions of these concepts through experimentation. Having these conversations at bath time is a great option. Try introducing and using a variety of plastic cylinders, cups, and containers in the bathtub with your child. At this age, perception is the childs guide, they do not have any other strategies to guide them in determining which has more or less, is heavier or lighter, is bigger or smaller, etc. A parent or daycare provider can provide great learning experiences to assist young childrens misconceptions through play. Classification is a pre-number concept that children need lots of experimentation and communication with. We classify on a regular basis without even considering what were actually doing. We look in indexes that are alphabetized or numerically arranged, we purchase groceries in areas of food groups, we classify to sort laundry, we sort our silverware before putting it away. Children can benefit from a variety of classification activities which will also support early numeracy concepts. Classification Activities Use blocks to engage young children to repeat the patterns... blue, green, orange, etc.Ask young children to sort the silverware or the laundry based on color.Use shapes to encourage children to determine what comes next... triangle, square, circle, triangle, etc.Ask children to think of everything they can write with, ride on, that swims, that flies, etc.Ask children how many items in the living room are square or round or heavy, etc.Ask them to tell you how many things are made of wood, plastic, metal, etc.Extend classification activities to include more than one attribute (heavy and small, or square and smooth etc.) Before Children Count Children need to match sets before they will understand number conservation and that counting is actually referring to sets of items. Children are guided by their perceptions. As a result, a child may think that there are more grapefruits than lemons in a pile due to the actual size of the piles and fruit. You will need to do one to one matching activities with young children to help them develop conservation of number. The child will move one lemon and you can move the grapefruit. Repeat the process so that the child can see the number of fruits is the same. These experiences will need to be repeated often in a concrete manner which enables the child to manipulate the items and become engaged in the process. More Pre-Number Activities Draw a number of circles (faces) and put down a number of buttons for eyes. Ask the child if there are enough eyes for the faces and how they can find out. Repeat this activity for mouths, noses etc. Speak in terms of more than and less than or as many as and how can we find out. Use stickers to make patterns on a page or classify them by attributes. Arrange a row of a set number of stickers, arrange a second row with more spaces between the stickers, ask the child if there are the same number of stickers or more or less. Ask how they can find out, but dont count. Match the stickers one to one. Arrange items on a tray (toothbrush, comb, spoon, etc.) ask the child to look away, rearrange the items to see if they realize the number of items is still the same or if they think its different. The Bottom Line You will have given young children a great start to mathematics if you perform the above activity suggestions before introducing your child to numbers. Its often difficult to find commercial activities to support classification, one-to-one matching, number conservation, conservation or as many as/more than/the same as concepts and you will probably need to rely on typical toys and household items. These concepts underlie the important mathematical concepts that children will eventually become involved in when they begin school.

Successes, Failures and Politicization of Aid in Somalia 1991-2012 Dissertation

Successes, Failures and Politicization of Aid in Somalia 1991-2012 - Dissertation Example Due to the politics involved, the response to the needs of the people was very much delayed. Limited public interest in the crisis also led to issues in the distribution of aid. There has been much politicking in the UN agencies on the distribution of aid in Somalia (Hilhorst and Jansen, 2010). The UN processes were also ineffective as they were more process focused, not results focused. The strong competition with the NGOs also made things complicated. Risk adversity also became the principle of the humanitarian agencies. A contributing issue is accountability, where donors held the organizations responsible for what they did, and not carrying out sufficient crisis response measures for this issue (Warsame, 2012). The intense media scrutiny also presented problems and the aid agencies were delayed in their aid. Institutional interests were also given more importance than beneficiaries. The release of aid is still an industry; as proof small organizations which used to engage in aid are not multinational organizations with vast influence and budgets (Wiles, et.al., 2004). Through such changes, the need to protect the reputation of the company seems to take more importance. With the professionalization of the aid industry, the people manning such activities have also become professionalized. Careers have now been borne from such industry and the hiring of experienced personnel has become more important (Wiles, et.al., 2004). In some instances, lack of accountability was observed. With the gaps in the integrity of the system, the lack of soul-searching in the humanitarian community following the Somalia famine was unexpected. This may have been credited to the shortcomings in the system, alongside limited public and media interests which allowed the humanitarian community to persist with limited considerations made on their impact on Somalia (Wiles, et.al., 2004). A semblance of success in securing humanitarian aid in Somalia can be attributed to support gained f rom the civil society. However, even as civil society has a significant role to play in supporting unarmed civilians, civil society often suffers from limited support (IRIN News, 2009). In a 2009 appeal made by concerned civilian agencies seeking humanitarian aid in Somalia, their appeal amounted to $919 million, indicating increasing needs with allocations also requested for air transportation. The limits of the aid are based on the capacity and resources of the international community and there is a need to secure a partnership to fill in the gaps (IRIN News, 2009). The civil society has already paid significantly for their assistance to the poor. Access to south-central Somalia where the humanitarian needs are significant, much conflict has been seen especially with the abduction of aid workers (IRIN News, 2009). The security situation has not improved much for aid workers in the country. Two major NGOs have temporarily suspended their operations in the country and aid agencies h ave also been conflicted with the problem of piracy (IRIN News, 2009). Most times, humanitarian access has become unpredictable, and despite such issue, successful aid groups have still responded to the crisis. These agencies have understood that their responsibility to

Fundamentals of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fundamentals of Management - Essay Example IT industry is one of the giant industries of the world (Justa, 2009). Our company not only develops efficient software applications but also provide valuable consultancy to other IT firms and multinational companies in solving their IT related issues. Mind Technologies is a dynamic information technology company that uses state of the art communication and information technologies in order to develop a variety of products related to the areas of interactive media, cell phone software, and business software applications. Our company has been successful in building a good reputation for quality and reliability. Mind technologies Inc. is the name of quality, inspiration, and innovative ideas that make it one of the world’s most reliable software companies. Our employees work on innovative ideas in order to provide something new to the customers. They thoroughly study every aspect of every new software or business application in order to insure authenticity and genuineness of the applications. We have been building software applications for the last 12 years servicing many valuable clients all over the world. Our team of professionals produces high quality software and hardware products with a high level of reliability and speed. ... We have also developed web applications for some companies, which have automated the key business process of those companies. Our software developers possess sufficient experience in a wide range of database tools and programming languages such as VB.NET, ASP.NET, C-Sharp, C++, Java, PHP, 4D, and Microsoft SQL Server. We not only develop software products based on our own innovative ideas and concepts but also develop the applications on the requests of our customers. Our developers accurately focus the requirements of the customers while developing their requested software applications. Mind Technologies Inc. has three offices located in different states of the United States of America. Main office of the company is located in Washington D.C. whereas other two sub offices are located in New York and Chicago. Each office consists of almost 20 to 25 employees. For every office, there is a manager, who looks after all activities related to the office. Apart from the office manager, eve ry department has also its own manager who has the responsibility to report all activities related to the department to the office manager. The office manager holds the responsibility to contact top management of the company. â€Å"A corporate structure is essentially the layout of the various departments, divisions, and job positions that interact to conduct the business of the company† (Tatum, 2010). There is a partnership mode of business in the company shared by three persons. Mind Technologies Inc. is not like traditional IT companies rather it holds a distinct structure that makes it attractive to the employees of the company. In traditional IT

Construction of Pekeliling Flats, Kuala Lumpur

Construction of Pekeliling Flats, Kuala Lumpur Introduction to Case Study Pekeliling Flats is situated on the Lebuhraya Mahameru-bound Jalan Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur. The flats are also known as Tunku Abdul Rahman public flats. Pekeliling flats are one of Kuala Lumpurs earliest public housing projects and were built in 1967. There were 11 residential blocks comprising 2,969 units. For the construction of the first pilot project, the Government held a negotiation with a joint venture company Citra/Boon Cheah which intended to use the French Tracoba System of construction. But the negotiation was unsuccessful and the project was subsequently opened to public tender. The tender was eventually awarded to Gammon/Larsen Nielsen using the Danish System of large panel industrialised prefabricated system. The construction was then launched in 1968. The scheme at Jalan Pekeliling comprises 4 blocks of 4-storey flats and shops, 7 blocks of 17-storey flats, totaling 3009 units and was completed within 27 month, including the time taken in the construction of the RM 2.5 million casting yard for the prefabricated elements at 10 ½ miles Jalan Damansara. The whole construction of the flat is constructed using the prefabrication of concrete box method which is similar to the British Truscon System whereby a standard through-shaped concrete boxes, which incorporate facade walls made from lightweight materials, ceilings consisting of plaster boarding stapled and as well as internal fittings. Assembling Method The boxes are made by precasting the walls panels with ribs downwards and smoothing down the concrete as it has semi-set. Once the walls have hardened, they are then removed from the moulds by means of an overhead gantry and placed into a jig. Foundations pads are cast and on top of these precast concrete beams, inverted T cross section are then laid. The boxes are now unloaded directly from the lorry and are placed in position upon these inverted T beams. Once the boxes, which form one course from facade to faà §ade have been bolted together along the wall. After the boxes are connected together at the structural floor level of two connector plates, which are bolted with bolts to threaded inserts on either side of the joint. Once the boxes, which form one course from facade to faà §ade have been bolted together along the wall, where again the cast-in sockets which joined by steel plates and bolts, there only thin vertical joints visible. The vertical channels between the adjoining ribs of the end-to-end boxes make rigid cross-walls of remarkable sound insulation. Horizontal reinforcement rods are lowered and concrete is cast-in, resulting in the formation of a party wall. Evaluation and Comparison Cost Industrialised prefabricated construction of the Pekeliling project was more expensive than the conventional system. Its cost was 8.1% higher than a conventional housing project completed around that time. There are many advantages you can get if you are using precast construction method instead of using in-situ construction method. One of the advantages is the cost implication. Using precast construction method can save money or reduce the cost of construction because: Time Mass production as well as off-site production shortens project timeline, gives earlier return on investment, allowing earlier occupancy and keep in schedule. It is estimated that a precast structure takes up to 20% less time to construct than a similar cast in situ structure. For example, the walls of a building can be manufactured while on-site foundations are being built. If the time is over the schedule or due date, the company needs to pay the damages. Durability Provides long service for high use applications and does not require regular maintenance; save cost in long term. Waste Minimization Fewer materials are required because precise mixture proportions and tighter tolerances are achievable. Less concrete waste is created due to tight control of quantities of constituent materials. Waste materials are more readily recycled because concrete production is in one location. Sand and acids for finishing surfaces are reused. Steel forms and other materials are reused. Reduced requirements for formwork, access scaffolding and less reliance on wet trades. The reduced requirement for site supervision by the main contractor also saves money. Compared to cast in-situ concrete, the following percentages of savings can be expected: 75 per cent in terms of formwork and scaffolding and 90% for wet concrete. Recyclable precast concrete structures in urban areas can be recycled into fill and road base material at the end of their useful life. Fewer trucks and less time are required for construction because concrete is made offsite; particularly beneficial in urban areas where minimal traffic disruption is critical. When fewer trucks are required means lesser the cost needed to rent vehicles. The reduction in site labour which partly offsets a shortage of skilled site workers. Priced in the $55 $65 range per linear foot of wall, precast systems are competitive with other foundation walls, particularly when costs are examined as an assembly that includes footings and sub-slab drainage. Precast walls can be installed quickly in any weather. Because the concrete is cured in the factory, precast foundations can be backfilled as soon as the slab is placed and first floor bracing is in place, enhancing jobsite safety and site accessibility. Door and window openings, steel beam pockets, and brick ledges must be cast into the panels, so orders must be customized. The wall sub-base must be compacted and leveled, similar to precision required of footings. In making cost comparisons between alternative systems, it is imperative that total like for like costs are considered. There are substantial savings to be made using precast construction which are not evident when a direct elemental cost comparison is made with alternative construction methods. To get an accurate like for like cost, whole building costs must be estimated. To accurately assess whole building cost, each of the advantages of precast must be accurately costed. Savings through factors such as earlier completion dates, inbuilt fireproofing, reduced formwork, scaffolding, reduced wet trades and increased budget control can be significant. Also, fast-track procurement and construction may minimise capital costs by reducing financing costs and securing earlier rental income. The precast frame package typically includes columns, beams, floors, wall panels, stairs, landings, balconies etc., all of which have an inbuilt minimum one-hour fire protection. Specialist precast frame producers will assist design teams in evaluating the scope for standardised precast components for a particular project. Budget costings and erection programmes can be prepared by the precaster on receipt of outline drawings and a list of performance criteria. For contractors and specifiers, there is a big difference between price and cost. While price is but one element of cost, it is the initial, most visible and the easier of the two to understand. Focusing on price is not a preferred strategy in any business, especially where high-quality, reliable manufactured goods are concerned. Instead, for precast concrete products, the focus should be on the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). How is TCO calculated? The Total Cost of Ownership is equal to the sum of the four cost components: quality, service, delivery and price. In terms of cost elements, a distinct advantage of precast concrete over cast-in-place (CIP) is speed of delivery and ease of installation, or service. Both contribute directly to lower Total Cost of Ownership. Precast concrete, especially when produced in certified plants, boasts the additional benefit of higher quality. Controlled batch proportions placed under uniform conditions consistently creates a better product than can be cast in place. For illustration purposes, we will use an ordinary precast underground structure. On the construction site, scheduling is an important, unpredictable and expensive risk. Nature stacks the cost odds against CIP concrete. It is a much quicker and less risky choice to have the precast delivered and installed the same day rather than excavate, form, pour and strip the CIP concrete, cure, damp proof and backfill. Given the cost matrix in Example 1, it could save six days in construction scheduling. For illustration purposes, consider a typical below-grade structure. For the inside dimensions of a 4-by-8-by-4-foot structure of either precast (6 inches thick) or CIP (8 inches thick), assume these facts: CIP requires three separate days to pour the base, walls and top. Curing and stripping adds one day to each step, requiring six days to cast on site. Damp proofing adds one day to the CIP process, totaling seven working days of open-hole time. Allowing an average $350 per cubic yard for small jobs (ready mix, rebar, mastic, labor and equipment), the 4 cubic yards of CIP required prices out at $1,400. Precast takes only one day to deliver and install, including backfill of the pre-damp proofed unit. The precast alternative to produce and truck to the job site prices out at $2,000. Installing the precast requires a four-hour minimum charge of $400 for a 20-ton crane. Hardware costs for fittings, embedded items, etc., are identical for precast and CIP. The TCO of precast is fixed at $2,400. However, the TCO of CIP is just beginning at $1,400. That raises the question among doubters as to why a contractor would spend more for precast. But many savvy contractors and specifiers recognize that their costs are actually less with precast. The six days of additional scheduling are required by the mechanics of pouring and curing concrete on site. The work could be done off site in a quality controlled precast plant while other work on site progresses. Even if a contractor has a concrete crew doing multiple projects on site, the efficiency gained by substituting as much precast as possible cannot be ignored. A contractor saves money for every minute he or she is ahead of schedule. If a $1 million contract yields a 10 percent profit margin and can be completed in 10 months that equates to $10,000 per month, or $333 per day in profit. Saving six days means an additional profit of 6 x $333 or $2,000. Furthermore, that savings is compounded by the elimination of general conditions costs of about $500 per day for the burden of supervision, insurance, fixed and variable job site costs, etc. And these are just actual costs. Add to this the avoidance of liquidated damages, and the cost advantage of precast concrete becomes the overwhelming choice. The cost advantages are summarized in Example 2. Speed The project took 27 months to complete, inclusive of the time taken in setting up the precasting factories. The construction period was comparable to the fastest conventional construction. Thus industrialised building has the following advantages in terms of time saving. Saving of time and materials involved in the erection of scaffoldings Shorter construction time as a result of well planned and co-ordinated sequence of construction Not affected by weather condition as building components are manufactured in the factory, and there is no on-site concreting. Labour Requirement Industrialised prefabricated system enable labour saving of 30%-40% mainly of skilled labour such as brick layers, plasterers and carpenters. In Malaysia, skilled labour in the building industry is scarce so it is expensive. The introduction of industrialised building system can obviously improve the situation. As we all know, labour can divided into three types. There are unskilled labour, semi-skilled labour and skill labour. Labour productivity is defined as the manhours required to complete the structural element of one unit house. A total of 499 data points were obtained from seven residential projects constructed between January 2003 and April 2004. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicated that the labour productivity was significantly different between four structural building systems for example. The mean labour productivity for conventional building system was 4.20 manhours followed by cast in-situ table form manhours, cast in-situ half tunnel form 1.88 manhours and precast concrete system 1.33 manhours. Furthermore, the analysis of crew size indicated that the mean crew size for conventional building system of 24 workers was significantly different from the IBS of 22 workers. However, the crew size within the IBS was found to be insignificant. The cycle time measured in days per hou se was found to be significantly different between structural building systems with the conventional building system of 4.9 days, cast in-situ table form of 3.9 days, cast in-situ half tunnel form of 2.9 days and precast concrete system of 2.3 days. The labour productivity obtained from this study could be used as a preliminary guideline for client or consultant to identify the most appropriate building system for carrying out a construction project and determining the labour requirement in the construction industry. Further, the comparison of crew size indicated that the conventional building system of 22 workers was significantly different from the IBS of 18 workers. Similarly, the cycle time of 17 days per house for conventional building system was found to be significantly different from the IBS of four days. As a conclusion, using conventional method require more labour to be done on site compare to the pre cast construction or Industrialised Buildiing System (IBS). When using precast, the requirement of labour will reduce because there is less work to be done site. The number of labour also will small compare to the in- situ construction method. Quality The finished appearance of the building was of a much higher quality than that achieved in conventionally built low cost housing units. In particular, the finish of interior walls was much better to that achieved using cement-sand hollow blocks. There were serious environmental problems and some stresses were caused as a direct result of the detailing of the system. These problems can be overcome by changes in the detailing. Productivity There are many essential elements in construction industry. One of them is construction labour productivity. Its principal applications include construction planning, scheduling, cost estimating, accounting and cost control. As a matter of fact, international labour factors and also suggested ways in which they could subsequently be applied to determine comparative international construction cost and labour requirement are generated by labour productivity rates. The study on labour productivity for construction industry has been conducted by many researchers. However, the majority of them put their concentration on labour intensive conventional in-situ construction system. Only a fat lot of attention is devoted to perplexing question such as productivity measurement for industrialised building systems (IBS) in despite of the proliferation of the systems in Malaysia. The precast construction system can be termed as industrialised building systems (IBS) also. During the Eighth Malaysia Plan (2001-2005) whereby 600,000 to 800,000 houses are expected to be built, the need for huge demand for housing industry results in the development of these IBSs. The conventional in-situ construction system which is currently being used by the construction industry is incapable to cope with the demand in a stipulated period. The method is labour intensive. Since this method requires a lot of manpower, so it relies heavily on foreign workers. Thus, productivity research attention shall be swerved toward IBS which utilizes the philosophy of assembly activity. For productivity improvement in building industry from craft activity to assembly activity, there is a tremendous potential as depicted in Table 1. Objectives Large number of studies focused on labour productivity for single operation such reinforcement bar productivity, productivity of concrete and formwork productivity, whereas, only small effort is devoted towards the combined labour productivity for combination of all the single operation that form the structural element of one unit house. Therefore, this conducted study introduces a standardised data collection methodology for measuring and comparing the conventional and industrialised building systems in aspects of labour productivity and cycle time. Description of Data The data for this study were acquired from seven on-going residential projects constructed between January 2003 and April 2004. A sum of 499 data points were observed during that period. The data of projects gross floor area per unit house vary in size in interval between 60m ² to 84m ². Turnkey contractors were in charged in four projects while the remaining projects were built by a general contractor. In table 2, the project characteristics are presented. (Refer to the Appendix for data) Carpenter, barbender, concretor and crane operator were in charged in installation and erection of these structural elements. Therefore, the labour productivity of one unit house is calculated as below. Labour productivity for structural element of one unit houses = Crew Size carpentry, barbender, concretor and crane operator x work timeBuilding gross floor area (m2) = Total manhoursBuilding gross floor area (m2) All data were collected via a standardised data collection form as shown in Table 3. Every day, data collectors were designated to on-going construction sites and 30 minutes were spent per site for observation and record of the crew size, work time and location of work place. Daily observation is recommended because all workers were paid daily. Since workers absenteeism might occur during the construction period and weekly or monthly data variability are too large to enable reliable analyses, weekly or monthly observation is not favorable. Daily observation can also show high degree of variability due to various disturbance project related factors but not as much as other observation. Observation on every hour is also not suggested because it is very expensive and spends a lot of time. Some confidential information was obtained through direct interview with the project managers. Workers daily wage is one of the confidential information. Besides that, regular interviews to identify an d understand any peculiarities delay and interruption to the projects were essential to carried out. Rationale for Combining Data Points The size of the data points has a great effect on the appropriateness, accuracy and reliability of statistical analysis. When a single independent variable is used, small sample with 20 data points is ideal. And yet, a large sample of 1000 data points or more will cause the statistical analysis sensitive and unreliable. Moreover, peculiarities in observations or unusual conditions will bring some inexact data points that cause a baneful effect on the analysis. The rationale for combining the data points from different projects into four structural building systems are as follows: All projects are residential projects. They consist of repetitive structural designs. No special formwork system is needed because they do not have any peculiarities architectural features. Workers in charged in all operations are semi-skilled and skilled workers. The manual dexterity is about the same. The effects of weather and temperature are minimized since all projects are located within 30 km distance. Result and Discussion The data analysis and results focus on two specific subjects as described below: Labour productivity comparison between structural building systems using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Cycle time comparison between structural building systems using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Comparison of Labour Productivity between Structural Building Systems This section evaluates the labour productivity comparison between structural building systems. Table 4 presents the descriptive statistic for labour productivity comparison between projects while Table 5 presents the labour productivity comparison between building systems using the average data from the seven projects. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results of labour productivity between the four building systems was found to be statistically significant different [ANOVA output, F(3,498) = 319.526, P-value = 0.000] as shown in Table 6. The precast concrete system was the most productive building system with labour productivity of 1.33 manhours/m ² followed by cast in-situ half tunnel (1.88 manhours/m ²), cast in-situ table form (2.70 manhours/m ²) and conventional building system (4.20 manhours/m ²). Taking the conventional building system as the benchmark of 100%, the cast in-situ table form system achieved a construction speed of 135% followed by the cast in-situ half tunnel form system of 155% and precast concrete system of 168%. The result was in tandem with the number of trades for each building system. For example, the conventional building system consisted of four major operations, namely the erection of scaffolding and formwork, installation of reinforcement bars, casting of concrete and dismantling of scaffolding and formwork; hence, it was highly labour intensive. However, only a few construction operations are needed for industrialized building system. For instance, the precast concrete system was pre-assembly in factory, hence reducing on-site labour input. Besides that, no scaffolding is required for cast in-situ tunnel form system to support the slab. Cycle Time Comparison between Structural Building Systems This section examines the cycle time measured in days required to complete the structural element of one unit house. Table 7 shows the cycle time for each project while Table 8 shows the average cycle time for four structural building systems. In Table 9, analysis of variance (ANOVA) results indicated that there was significant different between the four building systems in term of cycle time per house, [F(3,498)=161.416, P-value = 0.000]. The mean cycle times were 4.9 days for conventional building system, 3.9 days for cast in-situ table form, 2.9 days for cast in-situ half tunnel form and 2.3 days for precast concrete system. In term of percentage, the conventional building system required 26% more cycle time than cast in-situ table form system, 41% of cast in-situ half tunnel form system, and 53% of precast concrete system. Summmary This study has introduced the standardised data collection methodology for measuring and comparing the building structural element of conventional and industrialised building system. Researchers are enabled to combine data points from various projects to produce a larger database if they adopt this methodology. The rational for combining the data point is that the majority of residential projects has a simple structural layout plan and do not have any peculiarities architectural features. A total of 499 labour productivity data points were obtained from seven on-going residential projects. The results and discussion evolves on comparison between structural building systems in terms of labour productivity and cycle time per structural element of one house. In aspect of labour productivity comparison, the precast concrete system was the most productive building system with labour productivity of 1.33 manhours/m ² compare to the conventional building system with labour productivity of 4.20 manhours/m ². Besides that, assuming the conventional building system as the benchmark of 100%, precast concrete system achieved a construction speed of 168%. For instance, when the first house constructed using conventional building system is just done, whereas the first house constructed using precast concrete system was done and the second house is constructed about 68% completed. The comparison of cycle time per house indicated that the two building systems were significantly different. The mean cycle times were 4.9 days for conventional building system and 2.3 days for precast concrete system. In term of percentage, the conventional building system required 53% more cycle time than precast concrete system. Finally, the precast concrete system is preferable compare with conventional building system because the building works can be done faster since it requires less time to construct completely. Wastage In the field of structural concrete construction, two basic concepts are generally applied in practice which is precast concrete construction and conventional cast in-situ construction. Wastage can be defined as goods that are damaged, out of date, reduced, or generally unsaleable, which are destined to be thrown away and which are written off as a loss. Construction waste can be divided into three principal categories namely material, labour, and machinery waste. However, material wastage is given more concern because most of the raw materials used in construction industry come from non-renewable resources. The construction industry is a major generator of waste material. Traditionally, construction waste is defined as any material, apart from earth materials, which need to be transported elsewhere from the construction site or used within the construction site itself for the purpose of land filling, incineration, recycling, reusing or composting, other than the intended specific pu rpose of the project due to material damage, excess, non-use, or non-compliance with the specifications or being a by-product of the construction process. Material construction waste can be classify as natural waste (unavoidable waste allowed for in the tender), indirect waste (material used for purposes other than that for which it was ordered), and direct waste (material which is encountered for). It is generally known that there is a relatively large portion of the materials being wasted because of poor material control on building sites. The problem of material wastage is not an isolated issue on construction sites. It is also an environmental concern. When construction waste is viewed from an environmental perspective a different type of categorization must be considered. The environmental criteria include the consideration of solid waste. This is divided into four categories: hazardous waste production, non-hazardous waste production, inert waste production, and radioactive waste production. The construction industry consumes a significant amount of building materials and produces large quantities of building waste. Construction and demolition (C D) material is a mixture of inert and non-inert materials arising from construction, excavation, renovation, demolition and roadwork. The composition of construction waste is divided into two major categories: inert materials (soft and hard inert materials) and non-inert waste. The soft inert materials (such as soil, earth and slurry) can be reused as fill materials in reclamation and earth filling works. The hard materials (such as rocks and broken concrete) can be reused in reclamation works and/or recycled for construction work as granular materials, drainage bedding layers and concrete application. The non-inert waste (such as metal, timber and packaging waste) can be recycled or disposed of in landfills. Further, it was shown that there is a noticeable difference in the generation of material waste between pre-cast and in situ.In general, any reduction in on-site concreting leads to waste reduction. Precasting and prefabrication therefore offers significant opportunities for the reduction of waste. In comparison, the wastage in utilizing precast concrete construction method has smaller amount than conventional cast in-situ construction method.The main reason behind this may be due to the negligible wastes arisen during transportation and installation at the site. The pre-cast concrete elements transported to the site were stored unit wise by manufacturers themselves to avoid damage to the elements. Hence the waste arising during transportation had been minimized and identified as zero. Since pre-cast elements were supplied according to the required length, waste arising during installation of elements was at a minimum level and waste occurring due to over ordering of materials was also eliminated. Further, the pre-cast elements were produced at factories under proper supervision using steel moulds which can be formed of different sizes. Therefore, the wastage of materials during manufacturing also reduced to a considerable amount. On the other hand, there have larger amount of wastage due to conventional in-situ construction than precast concrete construction. This large quantity of wastage for conventional in-situ construction was identified due to the lack of supervision, inaccurate mixing methods, inappropriate type of equipment used, poor storage of materials and poor quality workmanship and this led to higher waste of materials in the following ways: excess cement being used to accelerate the curing process excess concrete being used due to the breaking of form work higher waste in transit and handling of metal and sand and excess concrete being used in uneven surfaces The objective of an in-situ method is to eliminate and reduce the traditional site-based trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork, plastering and to reduce labour content. Conventional cast in situ construction method utilise lightweight prefabricated formwork made of steel, fibre glass or aluminum in order to replace the existing conventional timber formwork. The method is suitable for large numbers of housing units that require repetitive utilisation of formwork. The formwork can be reused as many times as possible with minimal wastage. There is a noticeable difference between the waste of pre-cast construction and in situ construction. However, because of the significant differences in other material wastes, it can be said that there is a significant reduction of material wastages of pre-cast concrete compared to the material wastages of conventional in-situ concrete. Therefore it can be concluded that there is a significant waste reduction when pre-cast concrete is used. Conclusion From the studies that have been done, it can be concluded that the precast method is better than the conventional Cast-In-Situ method in terms of cost, speed, labour, quality, wastage and productivity.

Security Cameras

Security Cameras have become widespread in many countries. Whereas before they appeared only in banks and at the high security areas, they are now entering public places such as malls, streets, stadiums and transport. Many people teel this attects their privacy. Apparently, there are advantages and disadvantages to the use of such devices. Surveillance cameras have several benefits. An obvious benefit Is that the police can catch criminals in the act, thus reduce crimes. This will make the streets safer for ordinary people.A more important point is that criminals, particularly young offenders or petty criminals will be deterred. They will not be tempted to carry out crimes, and thus society will be a lot safer. Cameras are cost-effective and unobtrusive. Authorities do not need to spend large amounts of money on police. However, security cameras are far from being a perfect solution. The biggest objection concerns privacy. Many people feel that they should be free to travel or move a round a shop, a mall, a street or a country without being photographed or recorded.They feel that being watched constantly Is Ilke being In Jail. Another point is that although the police say that only criminals have something to fear from the cameras, many people do not trust governments with too much information. Corrupt authorltles could use Information In the wrong way or twist It to vlctlmlze some groups. Thirdly, cameras and computers can make mistakes. In conclusion, although there are definite advantages to using surveillance devices, we need to balance the need tor security with respect tor individual's privacy and treedom.